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Seatbelts that automatically move into position around a vehicle occupant once the adjacent door is closed and/or the engine is started were developed as a countermeasure against low usage rates of manual seat belts, particularly in the United States. The first car to feature Automatic Shoulder belts as standard equipment was the 1981 Toyota Cressida, but the history of such belts goes back further.[31]
The 1972 Volkswagen ESVW1 Experimental Safety Vehicle presented passive seat belts.[32] Volvo tried to develop a passive three point seatbelt. In 1973 Volkswagen announced they had a functional passive seat belt.[33] The first commercial car to use automatic seat belts was the 1975 Volkswagen Rabbit.[34]
Automatic seat belts received a boost in the United States in 1977 when Brock Adams, United States Secretary of Transportation in the Carter Administration, mandated that by 1983 every new car should have either airbags or automatic seat belts[35][36] despite strong lobbying from the auto industry.[37] Adams was attacked by Ralph Nader, who said that the 1983 deadline was too late.[38] Soon after, General Motors began offering automatic seat belts, first on the Chevrolet Chevette,[39][40] but by early 1979 the VW Rabbit and the Chevette were the only cars to offer the safety feature,[38] and GM was reporting disappointing sales.[41] By early 1978, Volkswagen had reported 90,000 Rabbits sold with automatic seat belts.[34] A study released in 1978 by the United States Department of Transportation claimed that cars with automatic seat belts had a fatality rate of .78 per 100 million miles, compared with 2.34 for cars with regular, manual belts.[42]
In 1981, Drew Lewis, the first Transportation Secretary of the Reagan Administration, influenced by studies done by the auto industry,[43] "killed"[44] the previous administration's mandate;[45] the decision was overruled in a federal appeals court the following year,[46] and then by the Supreme Court.[44] In 1984, the Reagan Administration reversed its course,[47] though in the meantime the original deadline had been extended; Elizabeth Dole, then Transportation Secretary, proposed that the two passive safety restraints be phased into vehicles gradually, from vehicle model year 1987 to vehicle model year 1990, when all vehicles would be required to have either automatic seat belts or driver side air bags.[44] Though more awkward for vehicle occupants, most manufacturers opted to use less expensive automatic belts rather than airbags during this time period.
When driver side airbags became mandatory on all passenger vehicles in model year 1995, most manufacturers stopped equipping cars with automatic seat belts. Exceptions include the 1995-1996 Ford Escort/Mercury Tracer and the Eagle Summit Wagon which had automatic safety belts along with dual airbags
